Philippine AllStarLink System NODE # 440330
SUNDAY
10:00 AM PHT / 02:00 AM UTC

District 1

DX1ARC NODE # 534920
MONDAY to SATURDAY
08:00 PM PHT / 12:00 PM UTC

DX1ARM NODE # 537090
MONDAY, WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY
08:00 PM PHT / 12:00 PM UTC

DX1CW NODE # 531431
MONDAY to SATURDAY
07:30 PM PHT / 11:30 AM UTC

District 2

PH District 2 NODE # 43638
MONDAY
11:00 AM PHT / 03:00 AM UTC

DX2ACV NODE # 43633
TUESDAY
11:00 AM PHT / 03:00 AM UTC

District 3

DX3CA NODE # 51870
TUESDAY and THURSDAY
10:00 AM PHT / 02:00 AM UTC

DX3NE NODE # 292311
SATURDAY and SUNDAY
11:00 AM PHT / 03:00 AM UTC

District 8

DX8WMG NODE # 52766
MONDAY to SATURDAY
07:00 PM PHT / 11:00 AM UTC

Others

Boy Scout Roundtable Net NODE # 40364
TUESDAY
09:00 AM PHT / 01:00 PM UTC

XYL & YL Roundtable (PINOY-LINK) NODE # 51681
SUNDAY
07:30 AM PHT / 11:30 AM UTC

PINOY-LINK Network NODE # 51681
SUNDAY
08:30 AM PHT / 12:30 PM UTC

Copyright © 2021 Philippine AllStarLink System | Layout by DV8AWC

The Radio Amateur Is:

CONSIDERATE

never knowingly operating in such a way as to lessen the pleasure of others.

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LOYAL

offering loyalty, encouragement and support to other amateurs, local clubs and the Philippine Amateur Radio Association, through which Amateur Radio in the Philippines is represented nationally and internationally.

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PROGRESSIVE

with knowledge abreast of science, a well built and efficient station, and operation beyond reproach.

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FRIENDLY

with slow and patient operation when requested, friendly advice and counsel to the beginner, kindly assistance, co-operation and consideration for the interests of others. These are the hallmarks of the amateur spirit.

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BALANCED

Radio is an advocation, never interfering with duties owed to family, job, school or community.

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PATRIOTIC

with station and skill always ready for service to country and community.

– adapted from the original Amateur’s Code, written by Paul M. Segal, W9EEA, in 1928

Callsign of Amateur License in the Philippines.

DX1PAR

DX- prefix, 1 – amateur district/region, PAR – suffix

The standard format for Philippine callsigns is 2×3 – where 2 stands for the prefix letters (4D-4I or DU-DZ), and 3 stands for the suffix letters, both of which are assigned and regulated by the National Telecommunications Commission. A suffix can have as much as three (3) characters, and as little as one (1).

Prefixes

The NTC assigns prefixes depending on the privileges of the amateur license or for special events:

• Class A – Advanced Class (DU or 4F)
• Class B – General Class (DV)
• Class C – Technician Class (DW)
• Class D – Foundation Class (DY)

Additional Allocation of Prefixes in the Amateur Radio Service

• Class A – Advanced Class (4E)
• Class B – General Class (4I)
• Class C – Technician Class (4G)
• Class D – Foundation Class (4H)

Copyright

Philippines Amateur Radio Association Inc.

2021 Philippine AllStarLink System | Layout by DV8AWC

District 1 – NCR

Metro Manila

• Manila
• Las Piñas
• Makati
• Muntinlupa
• Parañaque
• Pasay
• Pateros
• Taguig
• Mandaluyong
• Marikina
• Pasig
• Quezon City
• San Juan City
• Kalookan
• Malabon
• Navotas
• Valenzuela

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District 2

Ilocos Region (Region 1)

• Ilocos Norte
• Ilocos Sur
• La Union
• Pangasinan

Cagayan Valley (Region II)

• Batanes
• Cagayan
• Isabela
• Nueva Vizcaya
• Quirino

Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)

• Abra
• Apayao
• Benguet
• Ifugao
• Kalinga
• Mountain Province
• Bontoc

---

District 3

Central Luzon (Region III)

• Aurora
• Bataan
• Bulacan
• Nueva Ecija
• Pampanga
• Tarlac
• Zambales

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District 4

Bicol Region (Region V)

• Albay
• Camarines Sur
• Camarines Norte
• Catanduanes
• Masbate
• Sorsogon

---

District 5

Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)

• Biliran
• Eastern Samar
• Leyte
• Northern Samar
• Southern Leyte

---

District6

Western Visayas (Region VI)

• Aklan
• Antique
• Capiz
• Guimaras
• Iloilo
• Negros Occidental

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District 7

Central Visayas (Region VII)

• Bohol
• Cebu
• Negros Oriental, Siquijor

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District 8

Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX)

• Zamboanga del Norte
• Zamboanga del Sur
• Zamboanga
• Sibugay

Soccsksargen (Region XII)

• North Cotabato
• Cotabato City
• Sarangani
• South Cotabato
• Sultan Kudarat

ARMM

• Basilan
• Lanao del Sur
• Maguindanao
• ShariffKabunsuan
• Sulu
• Tawi-Tawi

---

District 9

Northern Mindanao (Region X)

• Bukidnon
• Camiguin, Lanao del Norte
• Misamis Occidental
• Misamis Oriental

Davao Region (XI)

• Compostela Valley
• Davao del Norte
• Davao del Sur
• Davao Oriental

CARAGA Region (XIII)

• Agusan del Norte
• Agusan del Sur
• Dinagat Islands
• Surigao del Norte
• Surigao del Sur
• Butuan

The R-S-T system is used by amateur radio operators, shortwave listeners, and other radio hobbyists to exchange information about the quality of a radio signal being received. The code is a three digit number, with one digit each for conveying an assessment of the signal’s readability, strength, and tone.^[1][2] The code was developed in 1934 by Amateur radio operator Arthur W. Braaten, W2BSR,^[3][4][5][6] and was similar to that codified in the ITU Radio Regulations, Cairo, 1938.^[7]

Readability

he R stands for “Readability”. Readability is a qualitative assessment of how easy or difficult it is to correctly copy the information being sent during the transmission. In a Morse codetelegraphy transmission, readability refers to how easy or difficult it is to distinguish each of the characters in the text of the message being sent; in a voice transmission, readability refers to how easy or difficult it is for each spoken word to be understood correctly. Readability is measured on a scale of 1 to 5.^[8]

1. Unreadable
2. Barely readable, occasional words distinguishable
3. Readable with considerable difficulty
4. Readable with practically no difficulty
5. Perfectly readable

Strength

The S stands for “Strength”. Strength is an assessment of how powerful the received signal is at the receiving location. Although an accurate signal strength meter can determine a quantitative value for signal strength, in practice this portion of the RST code is a qualitative assessment, often made based on the S meter of the radio receiver at the location of signal reception. “Strength” is measured on a scale of 1 to 9.^[8]

1. Faint—signals barely perceptible
2. Very weak signals
3. Weak signals
4. Fair signals
5. Fairly good signals
6. Good signals
7. Moderately strong signals
8. Strong signals
9. Extremely strong signals

For a quantitative assessment, quality HF receivers are calibrated so that S9 on the S-meter corresponds to a signal of 50 μV at the antenna standard terminal impedance 50 ohms.^[9] One “S” difference should correspond to 6 dB at signal strength (2x voltage = 4x power). On VHF and UHF receivers used for weak signal communications, S9 often corresponds to 5 μV at the antenna terminal 50 ohms. Amateur radio (ham) operators may also use a signal strength of “20 to 60 over 9”, or “+20 to +60 over 9.” This is in reference to a signal that exceeds S9 on a signal meter on a HF receiver.

Tone

The T stands for “Tone” and is measured on a scale of 1 to 9. Tone only pertains to Morse code and other digital transmission modes and is therefore omitted during voice operations. With modern technology, imperfections in the quality of transmitters’ digital modulation severe enough to be detected by human ears are rare.^[8]

Value	1936 definition	modern definition
1	Extremely rough hissing note	Sixty cycle a.c or less, very rough and broad
2	Very rough a.c. note, no trace of musicality	Very rough a.c., very harsh and broad
3	Rough, low-pitched a.c. note, slightly musical	Rough a.c. tone, rectified but not filtered
4	Rather rough a.c. note, moderately musical	Rough note, some trace of filtering
5	Musically modulated note	Filtered rectified a.c. but strongly ripple-modulated
6	Modulated note, slight trace of whistle	Filtered tone, definite trace of ripple modulation
7	Near d.c. note, smooth ripple	Near pure tone, trace of ripple modulation
8	Good d.c. note, just a trace of ripple	Near perfect tone, slight trace of modulation
9	Purest d.c. note	Perfect tone, no trace of ripple or modulation of any kind

The RST report (Radio, Signal, Tone) [1, 2] is manly used by amateur radio operators and describes the quality of a radio communication with a two or three digit number.

The first digit describes the intelligibility of the signal, the second the strength of the signal and if it’s a CW transmission, the third digit describes the quality of the tone.

The RST report is just a subjective evaluation of the received signal and it’s not supposed to be a precise measure. In practice the majority of the reports are 59 (or 599) as a sort of courtesy to the corresponding ham, regardless of the quality of the QSO.

Radio	Strength	Tone (CW only)
1 Not intelligible.	1 Extremely low signals.	1 Only noise.
2 Just intelligible: some words only.	2 Very low signals.	2 Very noisy AC tone.
3 Bad intelligibility.	3 Low signals.	3 Low AC tone.
4 Good intelligibility.	4 Poor signals.	4 AC tone.
5 Very good intelligibility.	5 Medium signals.	5 Modulated tone, whistle in the background.
N/A	6 Good signals.	6 Modulated tone, some noise.
N/A	7 Strong signals.	7 DC tone, little noise.
N/A	8 Very strong signals.	8 Good DC tone, very little noise.
N/a	9 Extremely strong signals.	9 Pure DC tone.

References

1.  “Quick Reference Operating Aids (The RST System)”.
2. ^ “Ham Radio “RST” Signal Reporting System for CW/Phone Operation”. University of Buffalo. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
3. ^ “The Radio Amateur’s Handbook” (PDF). p. 363. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
4. ^ “The RST Standard of Reporting”. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
5. ^ Andrea, Steve. “Can You Read Me Now?” (PDF). ARRL. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
6. ^ Arthur M. Braaten, W2BSR. “A New Standard System of Reporting Signals” (PDF). ARRL. p. 18. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
7. ^ Alcorn, John (October 2002). “Radiotelegraph and Radiotelephone Codes, Prowords and Abbreviations for the Summerland Amateur Radio Club” (PDF). Retrieved February 5, 2020.
8. ^ Jump up to:^a b c The beginner’s handbook of amateur radio by Clay Laster, Page 379, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2000, ISBN 0-07-136187-1, ISBN 978-0-07-136187-3
9. ^ “S9 Signal reference”.
10. ^ VHF Managers’ Handbook. Region 1. International Amateur Radio Union. 2013.
11. ^ http://www.radioing.com/hamstart/rst.html Ham Radio RST Signal Reporting System for CW Operation, by Charlie Bautsch, W5AM
12. ^ “CW”. QSL.net.
13. ^ http://ac6v.com/morseaids.php#AB MORSE CODE, INTERNATIONAL EXTENSIONS AND ABBREVIATED NUMBERS
14. ^ “Codes and Alphabets”. amateur-radio-wiki.net. bottom of § RST code.
15. ^ “R-S-M-Q, A Standard Method of Reporting for Telephony”(PDF).

SINPO, an acronym for Signal, Interference, Noise, Propagation, and Overall, is a Signal Reporting Code used to describe the quality of broadcast and radiotelegraph transmissions. SINPFEMO, an acronym for Signal, Interference, Noise, Propagation, frequency of Fading, dEpth, Modulation, and Overall is used to describe the quality of radiotelephony transmissions. SINPFEMO code consists of the SINPO code plus the addition of three letters to describe additional features of radiotelephony transmissions. These codes are defined by Recommendation ITU-R Sm.1135, SINPO and SINPFEMO codes.^[1]

SINPO code is most frequently used in reception reports written by shortwave listeners. Each letter of the code stands for a specific factor of the signal, and each item is graded on a 1 to 5 scale (where 1 stands for nearly undetectable/severe/unusable and 5 for excellent/nil/extremely strong).

The code originated with the CCIR (a predecessor to the ITU-R) in 1951, and was widely used by BBC shortwave listeners to submit signal reports, with many going so far as to mail audio recordings to the BBC’s offices.^[2]

SINPO and SINPFEMO are the official signal reporting codes for international civil aviation ^[3] and ITU-R.^[1]

The use of the SINPO code can be subjective and may vary from person to person. Not all shortwave listeners are conversant with the SINPO code and prefer using plain language instead.

SINPO code explained

S (Signal strength)The relative strength of the transmission.
I (Interference)Interference from other stations on the same or adjacent frequencies.
N (Noise)The amount of atmospheric or man-made noise.
P (Propagation)Whether the signal is steady or fades from time to time.
O (Overall merit)An overall score for the listening experience under these conditions.

Rating	S	I	N	P	O
Scale	Signal strength	Interference	Noise	Propagation Disturbance	Overall rating
5	Excellent	Nil	Nil	Nil	Excellent
4	Good	Slight	Slight	Slight	Good
3	Fair	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Fair
2	Poor	Severe	Severe	Severe	Poor
1	Barely audible	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Unusable

SINPFEMO code

An extension of SINPO code, for use in radiotelephony (voice over radio) communications, SINPFEMO is an acronym for Signal, Interference, Noise, Propagation, frequency of Fading, depth, Modulation, and Overall.

	S	I	N	P	F	E	M	O
Rating Scale	Signal strength	Interference	Noise	Propagation disturbance	Frequency of fading	Quality	Depth	Overall rating
5	Excellent	Nil	Nil	Nil	Nil	Excellent	Maximum	Excellent
4	Good	Slight	Slight	Slight	Slow	Good	Good	Good
3	Fair	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Fair	Fair	Fair
2	Poor	Severe	Severe	Severe	Fast	Poor	Poor or Nil	Poor
1	Barely audible	Extreme	Extreme	Extreme	Very fast	Very Poor	Continuously over-modulated	Unusable

References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to:^a b “ITU-R Sm.1135, SINPO and SINPFEMO codes” (PDF).
2. ^ “BBC Engineering Division Monnograph, Number 43: September 1962” (PDF).
3. ^ “Procedures for Air Navigation Services: ICAO Abbreviations and Codes” (PDF). Retrieved 27 April 2015.
4. ^ “Reception Reports: Reporting Code – Writing Useful Reception Reports”. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
5. ^ Berg, Jerome. Early Shortwave Stations.

Prefix assignments by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU).

Call Sign Series	Allocated to
T6A-T6Z	Afghanistan (Islamic State of)
YAA-YAZ	Afghanistan (Islamic State of)
ZAA-ZAZ	Albania (Republic of)
7RA-7RZ	Algeria (People’s Democratic Republic of)
7TA-7YZ	Algeria (People’s Democratic Republic of)
C3A-C3Z	Andorra (Principality of)
D2A-D3Z	Angola (Republic of)
V2A-V2Z	Antigua and Barbuda
AYA-AZZ	Argentine Republic
LOA-LWZ	Argentine Republic
L2A-L9Z	Argentine Republic
EKA-EKZ	Armenia (Republic of)
AXA-AXZ	Australia
VHA-VNZ	Australia
VZA-VZZ	Australia
OEA-OEZ	Austria
4JA-4KZ	Azerbaijani Republic
C6A-C6Z	Bahamas (Commonwealth of the)
A9A-A9Z	Bahrain (State of)
S2A-S3Z	Bangladesh (People’s Republic of)
8PA-8PZ	Barbados
EUA-EWZ	Belarus (Republic of)
ONA-OTZ	Belgium
V3A-V3Z	Belize
TYA-TYZ	Benin (Republic of)
A5A-A5Z	Bhutan (Kingdom of)
CPA-CPZ	Bolivia (Republic of)
E7A-E7Z	Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republic of)        (WRC-07)
A2A-A2Z	Botswana (Republic of)
8OA-8OZ	Botswana (Republic of)
PPA-PYZ	Brazil (Federative Republic of)
ZVA-ZZZ	Brazil (Federative Republic of)
V8A-V8Z	Brunei Darussalam
LZA-LZZ	Bulgaria (Republic of)
XTA-XTZ	Burkina Faso
9UA-9UZ	Burundi (Republic of)
XUA-XUZ	Cambodia (Kingdom of)
TJA-TJZ	Cameroon (Republic of)
CFA-CKZ	Canada
CYA-CZZ	Canada
VAA-VGZ	Canada
VOA-VOZ	Canada
VXA-VYZ	Canada
XJA-XOZ	Canada
D4A-D4Z	Cape Verde (Republic of)
TLA-TLZ	Central African Republic
TTA-TTZ	Chad (Republic of)
CAA-CEZ	Chile
XQA-XRZ	Chile
3GA-3GZ	Chile
BAA-BZZ	China (People’s Republic of)
XSA-XSZ	China (People’s Republic of)
3HA-3UZ	China (People’s Republic of)
VRA-VRZ	China (People’s Republic of) – Hong Kong
XXA-XXZ	China (People’s Republic of) – Macao        (WRC-07)
HJA-HKZ	Colombia (Republic of)
5JA-5KZ	Colombia (Republic of)
D6A-D6Z	Comoros (Islamic Federal Republic of the)
TNA-TNZ	Congo (Republic of the)
TEA-TEZ	Costa Rica
TIA-TIZ	Costa Rica
TUA-TUZ	Côte d’Ivoire (Republic of)
9AA-9AZ	Croatia (Republic of)
CLA-CMZ	Cuba
COA-COZ	Cuba
T4A-T4Z	Cuba
C4A-C4Z	Cyprus (Republic of)
H2A-H2Z	Cyprus (Republic of)
P3A-P3Z	Cyprus (Republic of)
5BA-5BZ	Cyprus (Republic of)
OKA-OLZ	Czech Republic
HMA-HMZ	Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
P5A-P9Z	Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
9OA-9TZ	Democratic Republic of the Congo
4WA-4WZ	Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste   (WRC-03)
OUA-OZZ	Denmark
XPA-XPZ	Denmark
5PA-5QZ	Denmark
J2A-J2Z	Djibouti (Republic of)
J7A-J7Z	Dominica (Commonwealth of)
HIA-HIZ	Dominican Republic
HCA-HDZ	Ecuador
SSA-SSM	Egypt (Arab Republic of)
SUA-SUZ	Egypt (Arab Republic of)
6AA-6BZ	Egypt (Arab Republic of)
HUA-HUZ	El Salvador (Republic of)
YSA-YSZ	El Salvador (Republic of)
3CA-3CZ	Equatorial Guinea (Republic of)
E3A-E3Z	Eritrea
ESA-ESZ	Estonia (Republic of)
ETA-ETZ	Ethiopia (Federal Democratic Republic of)
9EA-9FZ	Ethiopia (Federal Democratic Republic of)
3DN-3DZ	Fiji (Republic of)
OFA-OJZ	Finland
FAA-FZZ	France
HWA-HYZ	France
THA-THZ	France
TKA-TKZ	France
TMA-TMZ	France
TOA-TQZ	France
TVA-TXZ	France
TRA-TRZ	Gabonese Republic
C5A-C5Z	Gambia (Republic of the)
4LA-4LZ	Georgia (Republic of)
DAA-DRZ	Germany (Federal Republic of)
Y2A-Y9Z	Germany (Federal Republic of)
9GA-9GZ	Ghana
J4A-J4Z	Greece
SVA-SZZ	Greece
J3A-J3Z	Grenada
TDA-TDZ	Guatemala (Republic of)
TGA-TGZ	Guatemala (Republic of)
3XA-3XZ	Guinea (Republic of)
J5A-J5Z	Guinea-Bissau (Republic of)
8RA-8RZ	Guyana
HHA-HHZ	Haiti (Republic of)
4VA-4VZ	Haiti (Republic of)
HQA-HRZ	Honduras (Republic of)
HAA-HAZ	Hungary (Republic of)
HGA-HGZ	Hungary (Republic of)
TFA-TFZ	Iceland
ATA-AWZ	India (Republic of)
VTA-VWZ	India (Republic of)
8TA-8YZ	India (Republic of)
JZA-JZZ	Indonesia (Republic of)
PKA-POZ	Indonesia (Republic of)
YBA-YHZ	Indonesia (Republic of)
7AA-7IZ	Indonesia (Republic of)
8AA-8IZ	Indonesia (Republic of)
* 4YA-4YZ	International Civil Aviation Organization
EPA-EQZ	Iran (Islamic Republic of)
9BA-9DZ	Iran (Islamic Republic of)
HNA-HNZ	Iraq (Republic of)
YIA-YIZ	Iraq (Republic of)
EIA-EJZ	Ireland
4XA-4XZ	Israel (State of)
4ZA-4ZZ	Israel (State of)
IAA-IZZ	Italy
6YA-6YZ	Jamaica
JAA-JSZ	Japan
7JA-7NZ	Japan
8JA-8NZ	Japan
JYA-JYZ	Jordan (Hashemite Kingdom of)
UNA-UQZ	Kazakhstan (Republic of)
5YA-5ZZ	Kenya (Republic of)
3DA-3DM	Kingdom of Eswatini
T3A-T3Z	Kiribati (Republic of)
DSA-DTZ	Korea (Republic of)
D7A-D9Z	Korea (Republic of)
HLA-HLZ	Korea (Republic of)
6KA-6NZ	Korea (Republic of)
Z6A-Z6Z	Kosovo (Republic of)
9KA-9KZ	Kuwait (State of)
EXA-EXZ	Kyrgyz Republic
XWA-XWZ	Lao People’s Democratic Republic
YLA-YLZ	Latvia (Republic of)
ODA-ODZ	Lebanon
7PA-7PZ	Lesotho (Kingdom of)
A8A-A8Z	Liberia (Republic of)
D5A-D5Z	Liberia (Republic of)
ELA-ELZ	Liberia (Republic of)
5LA-5MZ	Liberia (Republic of)
6ZA-6ZZ	Liberia (Republic of)
5AA-5AZ	Libya (Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)
LYA-LYZ	Lithuania (Republic of)
LXA-LXZ	Luxembourg
5RA-5SZ	Madagascar (Republic of)
6XA-6XZ	Madagascar (Republic of)
7QA-7QZ	Malawi
9MA-9MZ	Malaysia
9WA-9WZ	Malaysia
8QA-8QZ	Maldives (Republic of)
TZA-TZZ	Mali (Republic of)
9HA-9HZ	Malta
V7A-V7Z	Marshall Islands (Republic of the)
5TA-5TZ	Mauritania (Islamic Republic of)
3BA-3BZ	Mauritius (Republic of)
XAA-XIZ	Mexico
4AA-4CZ	Mexico
6DA-6JZ	Mexico
V6A-V6Z	Micronesia (Federated States of)
ERA-ERZ	Moldova (Republic of)
3AA-3AZ	Monaco (Principality of)
JTA-JVZ	Mongolia
4OA-4OZ	Montenegro (Republic of)                   (WRC-07)
CNA-CNZ	Morocco (Kingdom of)
5CA-5GZ	Morocco (Kingdom of)
C8A-C9Z	Mozambique (Republic of)
XYA-XZZ	Myanmar (Union of)
V5A-V5Z	Namibia (Republic of)
C2A-C2Z	Nauru (Republic of)
9NA-9NZ	Nepal
PAA-PIZ	Netherlands (Kingdom of the)
P4A-P4Z	Netherlands (Kingdom of the) – Aruba
PJA-PJZ	Netherlands (Kingdom of the) – Netherlands Caribbean
ZKA-ZMZ	New Zealand
E5A-E5Z	New Zealand – Cook Islands                     (WRC-07)
E6A-E6Z	New Zealand – Niue
HTA-HTZ	Nicaragua
H6A-H7Z	Nicaragua
YNA-YNZ	Nicaragua
5UA-5UZ	Niger (Republic of the)
5NA-5OZ	Nigeria (Federal Republic of)
Z3A-Z3Z	North Macedonia (Republic of)
JWA-JXZ	Norway
LAA-LNZ	Norway
3YA-3YZ	Norway
A4A-A4Z	Oman (Sultanate of)
APA-ASZ	Pakistan (Islamic Republic of)
6PA-6SZ	Pakistan (Islamic Republic of)
T8A-T8Z	Palau (Republic of)
** E4A-E4Z	Palestinian Authority
HOA-HPZ	Panama (Republic of)
H3A-H3Z	Panama (Republic of)
H8A-H9Z	Panama (Republic of)
3EA-3FZ	Panama (Republic of)
P2A-P2Z	Papua New Guinea
ZPA-ZPZ	Paraguay (Republic of)
OAA-OCZ	Peru
4TA-4TZ	Peru
DUA-DZZ	Philippines (Republic of the)
4DA-4IZ	Philippines (Republic of the)
HFA-HFZ	Poland (Republic of)
SNA-SRZ	Poland (Republic of)
3ZA-3ZZ	Poland (Republic of)
CQA-CUZ	Portugal
A7A-A7Z	Qatar (State of)
YOA-YRZ	Romania
RAA-RZZ	Russian Federation
UAA-UIZ	Russian Federation
9XA-9XZ	Rwandese Republic
V4A-V4Z	Saint Kitts and Nevis
J6A-J6Z	Saint Lucia
J8A-J8Z	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5WA-5WZ	Samoa (Independent State of)
T7A-T7Z	San Marino (Republic of)
S9A-S9Z	Sao Tome and Principe (Democratic Republic of)
HZA-HZZ	Saudi Arabia (Kingdom of)
7ZA-7ZZ	Saudi Arabia (Kingdom of)
8ZA-8ZZ	Saudi Arabia (Kingdom of)
6VA-6WZ	Senegal (Republic of)
YTA-YUZ	Serbia (Republic of)                                 (WRC-07)
S7A-S7Z	Seychelles (Republic of)
9LA-9LZ	Sierra Leone
S6A-S6Z	Singapore (Republic of)
9VA-9VZ	Singapore (Republic of)
OMA-OMZ	Slovak Republic
S5A-S5Z	Slovenia (Republic of)
H4A-H4Z	Solomon Islands
T5A-T5Z	Somali Democratic Republic
6OA-6OZ	Somali Democratic Republic
S8A-S8Z	South Africa (Republic of)
ZRA-ZUZ	South Africa (Republic of)
Z8A-Z8Z	South Sudan (Republic of)
AMA-AOZ	Spain
EAA-EHZ	Spain
4PA-4SZ	Sri Lanka (Democratic Socialist Republic of)
SSN-STZ	Sudan (Republic of the)
6TA-6UZ	Sudan (Republic of the)
PZA-PZZ	Suriname (Republic of)
SAA-SMZ	Sweden
7SA-7SZ	Sweden
8SA-8SZ	Sweden
HBA-HBZ	Switzerland (Confederation of)
HEA-HEZ	Switzerland (Confederation of)
YKA-YKZ	Syrian Arab Republic
6CA-6CZ	Syrian Arab Republic
EYA-EYZ	Tajikistan (Republic of)
5HA-5IZ	Tanzania (United Republic of)
E2A-E2Z	Thailand
HSA-HSZ	Thailand
5VA-5VZ	Togolese Republic
A3A-A3Z	Tonga (Kingdom of)
9YA-9ZZ	Trinidad and Tobago
TSA-TSZ	Tunisia
3VA-3VZ	Tunisia
TAA-TCZ	Turkey
YMA-YMZ	Turkey
EZA-EZZ	Turkmenistan
T2A-T2Z	Tuvalu
5XA-5XZ	Uganda (Republic of)
EMA-EOZ	Ukraine
URA-UZZ	Ukraine
A6A-A6Z	United Arab Emirates
GAA-GZZ	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
MAA-MZZ	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
VPA-VQZ	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
VSA-VSZ	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
ZBA-ZJZ	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
ZNA-ZOZ	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
ZQA-ZQZ	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
2AA-2ZZ	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
* 4UA-4UZ	United Nations
AAA-ALZ	United States of America
KAA-KZZ	United States of America
NAA-NZZ	United States of America
WAA-WZZ	United States of America
CVA-CXZ	Uruguay (Eastern Republic of)
UJA-UMZ	Uzbekistan (Republic of)
YJA-YJZ	Vanuatu (Republic of)
HVA-HVZ	Vatican City State
YVA-YYZ	Venezuela (Republic of)
4MA-4MZ	Venezuela (Republic of)
XVA-XVZ	Viet Nam (Socialist Republic of)
3WA-3WZ	Viet Nam (Socialist Republic of)
* C7A-C7Z	World Meteorological Organization
7OA-7OZ	Yemen (Republic of)
9IA-9JZ	Zambia (Republic of)
Z2A-Z2Z	Zimbabwe (Republic of)

* Series allocated to an international organization.

** In response to Resolution 99 (Minneapolis, 1998) of the Plenipotentiary Conference (WRC-2000)

http://www.arrl.org/international-call-sign-series

This page contains an abstract of the modulation classification according to the ITU standard.

The classification is done with a three-symbol code: the first symbol (which is usually a letter) describes the modulation of the main carrier, the second symbol (which is usually a digit) describes the signal that modulates the main carrier and the third symbol (which is usually a letter) describes the transmitted information.

Extra modulations only used for a short amount of time (for example for sending the call-ID) are often not taken into account if the main bandwidth is not increased.

First symbol: modulation of the main carrier	Second symbol: type of signal(s) modulating the main carrier	Third symbol: type of transmitted information
N Unmodulated carrier Amplitude modulation A Double sideband amplitude modulated carrier. H Single sideband, full carrier R Single sideband, reduced (or variable) carrier. J Single sideband, suppressed carrier B Independent sidebands C Vestigial sideband Angular modulation F Frequency modulation G Phase modulation Pulse modulation D Amplitude and phase modulation P Unmodulated pulse modulation K Pulse amplitude modulation L Pulse width/length modulation M Pulse position/phase modulation Q Phase modulation during pulses V Other pulse modulations Other modulations W Other combinations of amplitude, phase and pulse modulation X Other modulations	0 No modulation signal 1 One digital channel, no subcarrier 2 One digital channel, with subcarrier 3 One analog channel 7 Two or more digital channels 8 Two or more analog channels 9 Compound system with one or more digital channels and one or more analog channels X Other signals	N No information A Telegraph – manual decoding B Telegraph – automatic decoding C Fax D Data transmission, remote control E Telephone, audio F Television, video W Combination of the above X Other information

Examples:

N0N	Unmodulated test signal:
A1A	Amateur radio CW transmission:
A3E	AM broadcast station:
C3F	Terrestrial TV (video only):
J3E	Amateur radio SSB transmission:
F3E	FM broadcast station:
F3F	Analog satellite TV (video only):

Bibliography and further reading

[1]	OFCOM – Office fédéral de la communication. Prescriptions concernant les radioamateurs. Section concessions de radiocommunication, Rue de l’Avenir 44, CH-2503 Bienne, 2001, Section 53 et appendice 2.

Here is a non exhaustive list of ham radio abbreviations, particularly used in CW QSOs.

ABBREVIATIONS	Meaning
ABT	About
AGN	Again
ANS	Answer
ANT	Antenna
B4	Before
BC	Broadcast
BD	Bad
BK	Back or break
BN	Been, being
BTW	By the way
BURO	QSL bureau
C	Correct, yes
CBA	Callbook address
CFM	Confirm
CL	Closing station down
CLG	Calling
CLR	Clear
CONDX	Conditions
CPI	Copy
CPY	Copy
CQ	General call for a QSO (contact)
CW	Continuous waves (morse code)
DE	From
DR	Dear
DWN	Down
DX	Long distance contact, rare station
ES	And
FB	Fine business, very good
FER	For
GA	Good afternoon or go ahead
GB	Good bye
GD	Good or Good day
GE	Good evening
GM	Good morning
GN	Good night
GND	Ground
GP	Ground-plane antenna
GUD	Good
HAM	Amateur radio operator
HI	Laughter on CW
HR	Here or ham radio
HV	Have
HW?	How do you copy me? What about you?
K	Please transmit
KN	Only the station I am working should transmit
LID	Poor operator
LP	Log-periodic antenna or long path
LSB	Lower sideband
LW	Long-wire antenna
MGR	QSL manager
MNI	Many
MSG	Message
NIL	Nothing heard or no copy
NR	Near
NW	Now or North-West
OM	Old man (amateur radio operator)
OP	Operator name
OPR	Operator, operate
PSE	Please
PO	Power output
PWR	Power
R	Message received or correct
RCV	Receive
RCVD	Received
RCVR	Receiver
RIG	Equipment
RPRT	Report
RPT	Repeat
RX	Receiver
SIG	Signal
SK	This is my last transmission (stop keying)
SKED	Schedule
SN	Soon
SNW	Snow
SP	Short path
SRI	Sorry
STN	Station
SWL	Short waves listener
TEMP	Temperature
TEST	Contest
TFC	Traffic
TIL	Until
TKS	Thanks
TCVR	Transceiver
TU	Thank you
TX	Transmitter
TNX	Thanks
U	You
UFB	Ultra fine business (excellent)
UR	Your
USB	Upper sideband
VERT	Vertical antenna
VY	Very
W	Watts
WKD	Worked (connected)
WPM	Words Per Minute
WRK	Work
WX	Weather
XCVR	Transceiver
XMTR	Transmitter
XTAL	Crystal
XYL	Wife
YL	Young Lady
73	Best regards
88	Love and kisses

Bibliography and further reading

[1]	Nerio Neri I4NE. Radiotecnica per Radioamatori. C&C – Edizioni Radioelettroniche, 1994, Appendice 14.
[2]	Carlo Amorati I4ALU. Manuale di radiotelegrafia. C&C – Edizioni Radioelettroniche, 1995, Tavola 1, p. 111.
[3]	OFCOM – Office fédéral de la communication. Prescriptions concernant les radioamateurs. Section concessions de radiocommunication, Rue de l’Avenir 44, CH-2503 Bienne, 2001, Appendice 4.

The S-meter is an instrument present on the majority of radio receivers that measures the strength of the signal that is being received, and uses a special unit: the S-point. S-points are often used for RST reports.

S-points go from S1 to S9 and each S-point is defined as a 6 dB change in signal strength. This means that each time the voltage is halved (–6 dB) the signal strength decreases by one point. S9 is already a very strong signal, but to describe larger signals, steps of 10 dB are used instead of 6 dB, noted “S9+20” meaning 20 dB above S9.

Today two reference values exist: for frequencies below 30 MHz, S9 is defined as a voltage of 50 μV over 50 Ω at the receiver antenna connector; for frequencies above 30 MHz, S9 is defined as a voltage of 5 μV over 50 Ω at the receiver antenna connector. This refers to an unmodulated carrier signal (N0N) that uses almost no bandwidth; in case of real signals using a given bandwidth, this definition may not be enough since a smaller receiver bandwidth allows a weaker minimum detectable signal, but S-points are still a good tool for comparing received signals.

S-points for frequencies below 30 MHz:

S-points for frequencies above 30 MHz:

Older receivers were calibrated using the old standard that defined S9 as a voltage of 100 μV instead of 50 μV over 50 Ω at the receiver antenna connector.

Usually S-meters in amateur radio equipment are not calibrated and are not very precise. S-meter readings may also vary from one band to another and it’s always interesting to check an S-meter with a precise generator and a step by step attenuator.

Bibliography and further reading

[1]	Wolfgang Link, DL8FI. Metodi di misura per radioamatori. Franco Muzzio & C. editore, 1978, sezione 3.9.